Introduction to Smart Manufacturing 100

adaptive control

The ability of a mechanical device to make automatic adjustments to external stimuli. Adaptive control allows machines to handle changes in the environment without operator intervention.

AI

Artificial intelligence. The ability of a machine or computer to imitate intelligent human behavior. Artificial intelligence allows machines to perform a process with autonomy.

algorithms

A logical and mathematical expression designed to systematically solve a problem. Algorithms are coded into software to form the rules by which artificial intelligence functions.

artificial intelligence

AI. The ability of a machine or computer to imitate intelligent human behavior. Artificial intelligence allows machines to perform a process with autonomy.

autonomously

Self-governing. Autonomously running systems can be programmed to make decisions without human interaction.

bar charts

A chart that represents data with rectangular shapes whose heights or lengths are proportional to different values. Bar charts are common data visualization tools.

bottlenecks

A point of congestion during the production process. Bottlenecks limit the flow of production.

calibration

The comparison and adjustment of a device with unknown accuracy to a device with a known, accurate standard. Calibration eliminates any variation in the device being checked.

class diagrams

A type of model that describes the structure of a system and the attributes, operations, and relationships of the system's classes. Class diagrams are a common type of information models.

cloud computing

The practice of using software and storing data on remote servers that can be accessed through the internet. Cloud computing is common among manufacturers and consumers.

CNC

Computer numerical control. The use of computers and special programs to automatically carry out various machine operations. CNC machines may be equipped with smart technology.

computer-aided design

CAD. A computer software program that aids in the automated design and technical precision drawing of a part, product, process, or building. Computer-aided design can create three-dimensional digital models used for additive manufacturing.

controller

A process-driven device that uses logic-based software to provide electrical control to machines. A controller may be a central processing unit (CPU) or a programmable logic controller (PLC).

cyber attacks

An effort to disrupt, disable, or gain illegal access to a cyber network or device. Cyber attacks include hacking, phishing, and malware.

cyber resiliency

The ability to quickly respond to and recover from cyber attacks. Cyber resiliency differs from cybersecurity in that it reacts to breaches that do occur rather than preventing them from happening.

cyber threat

Any potential event or attack that could access or damage computers or digital networks. Cyber threats may include inadvertent events or malicious attacks from hackers.

cyber-physical systems

CPS. A hardware device that links physical objects and processes with virtual objects and processes in an interconnected network. A cyber-physical system increases the capabilities of a device.

cybersecurity

Protection against criminal or unauthorized access to computer networks, programs, and data. Cybersecurity has become a major industrial concern as networking and connectivity have increased.

dashboards

A tool used to track, analyze, and display data about systems and processes on one screen for easy comparison and analysis. Dashboards can be easily shared across departments and personnel for easy communication.

data lifecycles

A type of model that defines the sequence of stages a type of data goes through. Data lifecycles are the sequence of stages through which data passes, from creation and storage to usage, maintenance, and eventual archival or deletion, ensuring its integrity, accessibility, and relevance over time.

data mapping

A digital tool that links information elements with each other. Data mappings are data maintenance tools that identify and match any fields from a source dataset that correspond with a target dataset.

data models

An abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they relate to one another and to the properties of real-world entities. Data models are a common type of information model.

data visualization

The graphic representation of information collected from a system or process. Data visualization tools like graphs and interactive maps help humans understand operational data collected in smart manufacturing.

datasets

A single asset or unit that consists of similar types of collected information. Datasets are used by manufacturers to organize the information they collect.

digital threads

An integrated view of all the data and information about a machine or process throughout its lifecycle. A digital thread connects information from all aspects of a product into one seamless network.

digital twins

A synchronized virtual representation of a physical asset or part. A digital twin evolves with the asset throughout its product lifecycle.

drift detection

The process of identifying changes in data distribution over time that may affect the performance of a machine learning (ML) system. Drift detection ensures ML models remain accurate and reliable by signaling when data updates are needed.

edge computing

The practice of storing and processing data on multiple local devices at or near the data source. Edge computing distributes processing tasks across multiple edge devices to improve processing speeds.

end effector

A device attached to the end of a robot arm that allows it to interact with a part, component, or material. The end effector may be a gripper that allows the robot to pick up objects and place them down.

enterprise resource planning systems

ERP. A software package that takes the data from internal and external information systems and integrates it throughout the organization. Enterprise resource planning systems maintain a single database that contains the data needed for a variety of business functions, such as maintenance, supply chain management, financials, projects, human resources, and customer relationship management.

ERP

Enterprise resource planning. A software package that takes the data from internal and external information systems and integrates it throughout the organization. ERP systems maintain a single database that contains the data needed for a variety of business functions, such as maintenance, supply chain management, financials, projects, human resources, and customer relationship management.

gateways

A device used to join two incompatible hardware components or protocols on a network. Gateways are available as preconfigured or configurable.

generative AI

GenAI. Complex software systems capable of creating new content by learning patterns from existing data. Generative AI creates new data rather than making a prediction about a specific dataset.

IIoT

Industrial Internet of Things. A network of physical devices used in manufacturing containing embedded computing systems that allow them to send and receive data. The IIoT allows devices to exchange data and automate processes without any human intervention.

Industrial Internet of Things

IIoT. A network of physical devices used in manufacturing containing embedded computing systems that allow them to send and receive data. The Industrial Internet of Things allows devices to exchange data and automate processes without any human intervention.

information flow diagrams

An organizational tool that charts a specific process step by step throughout a system or supply chain. Information flow diagrams are a common type of information model that helps find the origins of data.

Information modeling

Representing concepts, relationships, grouping, constraints, and rules of data to specify how it is organized for a chosen application. Information modeling helps improve data management and system security.

Intelligent Manufacturing Control System

IMCSs. Computer systems, process sensors, and personnel used to process and analyze data from manufacturing operations. Intelligent Manufacturing Control Systems, also known as Process Control Systems, offer flexibility and can respond to real-time situations.

interactive maps

A data visualization tool that locates information in a spatial context and provides the ability to explore the space, connected data, and other included information. Interactive maps allow users to easily update data, link information to external resources, and layer multiple types of data on one map.

interoperability

The capability of different systems and equipment from different vendors to communicate and share information and resources. Interoperability is made possible through digital networking, the Industrial Internet of Things, standardized data exchange, and other technologies that allow smart manufacturing systems to communicate.

latency

The amount of time it takes data to become available in a database. Low latency is better for real-time data transmission.

legacy

Relating to previous technology or processes. Some legacy software may be obsolete, while legacy machines are often still in use.

line graphs

A type of chart used to show information that changes over time. Line graphs are common data visualization tools.

machine learning

ML. The process that enables a digital system to analyze data in order to build predictive models and make decisions autonomously. Machine learning systematically solves problems using highly complex algorithms.

machine-to-machine

M2M. The transfer of data between machines and the internet without human interaction. Machine-to-machine communication relies on sensors.

manufacturing execution systems

MESs. A software application that monitors and analyzes machine performance data related to processing materials and producing finished products. Manufacturing execution systems, also known as manufacturing operations management systems, can be used to integrate performance data from multiple machines in a product lifecycle execution (PLE) system.

MES

Manufacturing execution systems. A software application that monitors and analyzes machine performance data related to processing materials and producing finished products. MESs, also known as manufacturing operations management systems, can be used to integrate performance data from multiple machines in a product lifecycle execution (PLE) system.

model drift

The degradation in a machine learning model’s performance over time due to changes in the underlying data distribution or environment. Model drift occurs when the assumptions made during training no longer hold true, leading to inaccurate predictions or decisions.

multilayer maps

A type of interactive map that displays data from separate sources, processes, and datasets. Multilayer maps help compare and analyze data and processes that are unconnected.

multisource dashboards

A tool used to track, analyze, and display data from separate systems and processes on one screen for easy comparison and analysis. Multisource dashboards can display data visualization tools from difference sources or operations to help analyze and visualize connections between unconnected processes.

natural language processing

NLP. A way for software to understand and work with human language. Natural language processing enables an artificial intelligence (AI) to detect and identify language patterns audio speech or written text.

networks

A group of hardware devices connected through a cable or by wireless methods. A network allows multiple devices to communicate and share information.

NLP

Natural language processing.A way for software to understand and work with human language. NLP enables an artificial intelligence (AI) to detect and identify language patterns audio speech or written text.

PCSs

Process Control Systems. Computer systems, process sensors, and personnel used to process and analyze data from manufacturing operations. PCSs, also known as Intelligent Manufacturing Control Systems, offer flexibility and can respond to real-time situations.

pie charts

A circular chart that is divided into wedge-shaped sections that are proportional to the values of different data types that make up a whole dataset. Pie charts are common data visualization tools.

position sensors

A device that senses the location of a component. Position sensors may be used with industrial robots to aid automation.

predictive maintenance

A maintenance approach that involves collecting data in order to anticipate and correct potential issues before they arise. A predictive maintenance approach involves performing maintenance before failures occur to prevent unscheduled downtime and reduce the labor, cost, and time needed for repairs.

presence-sensing devices

A mechanism used to detect the location of people or objects near hazardous areas of a machine. Presence-sensing devices often use pressure-sensitive mats or light curtains.

process control

A method of monitoring process performance by measuring and regulating the processes that yield a product. Process control involves collecting and analyzing data to help reduce error.

Process Control System

PCSs. Computer systems, process sensors, and personnel used to process and analyze data from manufacturing operations. Process Control Systems, also known as Intelligent Manufacturing Control Systems, offer flexibility and can respond to real-time situations.

process modeling

A procedural approach for visually mapping out steps of production or other processes. Process modeling techniques can vary in format and degree of detail and complexity.

process planning

A systematic development of the steps, resources, and sequence required to manufacture a product. Process planning involves selecting tools, operations, and workflows to optimize productivity, quality, and cost-effectiveness.

product lifecycle management

PLM. A computer software program that traces all information related to the manufacture of a product from prototype to failure. Product lifecycle management software uses a digital thread to integrate all cyber-physical data related to the manufacture of a part and beyond.

proximity sensors

A device that detects a change in a physical condition and turns it into an electrical signal. Proximity sensors can sense the presence, or absence, of an object without making physical contact.

raw materials

An unprocessed substance used to make the finished part. Raw materials in manufacturing include metal, polymer, and ceramic.

real time

The near-instantaneous interval of time that computers require to process data. Real-time systems input and process data within milliseconds so that it is available virtually immediately as feedback.

reinforcement machine learning

A process in which an artificial intelligence (AI) learns the best actions to achieve a goal through trial and error. Reinforcement machine learning enables an AI to learn details about inputs and produce correct outputs autonomously.

retrofit

To modify a machine or tool with a new part. Retrofitting in smart manufacturing can include equipping legacy equipment with sensors or new controllers.

scale

A uniform size decrease or increase that allows a large object to be accurately depicted in a smaller form or a small object to be accurately depicted in a larger form. Scaling an object up or down in size changes the size of the object but not the relationship of its dimensions to one another.

scatterplots

A data visualization tool that uses the clustering of plotted data points. Scatterplots are used to determine if the increase or decrease of one variable is related to an increase or decrease in another variable.

sensor fusion

The technique of using data from multiple sensors to produce more reliable information. Sensor fusion enhances decision-making in smart manufacturing by using AI to combine and analyze multiple sensor inputs,

sensors

A device within a device that detects a physical stimulus and turns it into a signal that can be measured or recorded. Sensors in smart devices make it possible for machines to communicate digitally.

servers

The physical computer that shares information with other computers within its network. The server performs specialized functions in coordination with other computers.

servomechanism

An automatic control system that uses feedback to adjust parameters of a mechanical device to match a desired input. Servomechanisms consist of a sensor, controller, and actuator working together to maintain precise control under varying conditions.

smart

Capable of sending and receiving data without human intervention. Smart technology generally requires internet connectivity to enable data processing.

smart manufacturing

A method of manufacturing designed to improve product design and processes through the integration of digital technology throughout the supply chain. Smart manufacturing increases connectivity across all areas of product development.

software

The programs, instructions, and formulas that structure the actions of a computer. Software controls computer hardware functions and operations.

supply chain

A complex network of companies and suppliers that produce and distribute a product. A supply chain consists of a company, its suppliers, its distributors, and its customers.

temperature sensors

A device that detects thermal energy from a component and outputs an electrical signal in response.

three-dimensional

3D. Having a length, depth, and width. Creating three-dimensional digital models of a part is the first stage of part design.

time-to-failure

The length of time a product can be used before it fails. Time-to-failure is predicted using collected data for predictive maintenance.

unsupervised machine learning

A process in which a machine learning model processes and analyzes unlabeled data and produces outputs without human interaction. Unsupervised machine learning models help discover patterns in data that humans may not recognize.

vision sensors

A type of sensor that uses a camera to detect the presence, orientation, and features of an object. Vision sensors provide guidance to robots.