Computer Fundamentals for Manufacturing 120

accountability

The acknowledgment of responsibility. Accountability in the workplace can include being open and transparent about your duties and activities.

accounts

A user profile that has access to files and systems. Accounts ensure that only authorized users are able to access information.

address bar

The current file path and location. The address bar helps users identify where a file is stored.

applications

A software program designed to perform specific tasks. Common computer applications include web browsers, writing software, operation software, and games.

arrow keys

Any of the four keyboard controls that aid in navigation. The arrow keys are labeled with arrows pointing up, down, left, and right.

attach

To include a file with an email or message. Attach is used to send smaller files, such as drawings and reports, to people.

autoscroll

The action of navigating a page up and down without having to scroll manually. Autoscrolling is activated with a middle-click, then moving the mouse up or down to control the direction and speed of the scroll.

backup

A saved copy of data or system settings. Backup files protect data from being lost or corrupted.

batch

A specific number of the same part that moves through the production cycle. Small batch manufacturers produce a variety of different products but in low volume.

Bluetooth

A wireless technology that enables short-range communication between wireless devices. Bluetooth technology is common for both industrial and consumer devices.

check boxes

A graphic element, usually a small square box, that users can select to make choices. Check boxes may offer binary options that users must choose from, such as yes/no questions, or a list of options, where users select all that apply.

click-and-hold

The act of pressing and holding a mouse button without moving it immediately. To click-and-hold, click an object without moving the mouse.

clipboard

A temporary storage area that holds copied or cut content. The clipboard holds a set number of items, usually 25, before it starts to overwrite earlier information.

cloud storage

A data storage model that allows digital information to be stored on a remote, third-party server. Cloud storage is accessed via the internet.

command

Cmd. A modifier key that activates keyboard shortcuts when pressed in combination with other keys. The command key is specific to Macintosh (Mac) computers.

computing device

An electronic machine capable of automatically processing data, performing calculations, and running programs. Common computing devices found in manufacturing include desktop computers, laptops, and tablets.

computing technology

A device that operates using software or programming commands. Computing technology used in manufacturing includes computers, laptops, tablets, cellphones, and other programmable devices.

configuration files

A file that stores settings related to the operation of an application or system. Configuration files determine how applications, programs, systems, and machines behave when they run.

control

Ctrl. A modifier key that activates keyboard shortcuts. The control key combines with different letter keys to perform functions such as copy and paste.

copy

A function that duplicates a selected item to the computer clipboard so you can place it in another location. To copy an item on a personal computer (PC), use the keyboard shortcut Control + C or the menu that appears when you right-click the mouse.

corrupt

A damaged state that leaves files or data unusable. Corrupt files may prevent equipment from operating normally.

cursor

An image used to indicate where the mouse should perform an action on a computer screen. The cursor follows the path of the user’s hand as it controls the mouse.

cut

A function that removes a selected item from its current location and stores it in the computer clipboard so you can place it in another location. To cut an item on a personal computer (PC), use the keyboard shortcut Control + X or the menu that appears when you right-click the mouse.

cybersecurity

Protection against criminal or unauthorized access to computer networks, programs, and data. Cybersecurity has become a major industrial concern as networking and connectivity have increased.

cycles

The time during which a machine works on a single part. Cycles are controlled by part programs.

data

A collection of numbers, information, and values about a process or product. Data can be quantitative, such as employee badge numbers and batch totals, or qualitative, such as descriptions of defects or descriptions of activities.

data entry

The process of entering information into a computer system. Data entry is used to record production results and machine information.

delete

The action of removing a file from its current location. Deleting a file sends it to the Recycle Bin, where it can either be recovered or permanently removed from the computer.

desktop

The main screen of a computer. The desktop appears after logging into a computer and contains shortcuts to files, folders, and applications.

desktop computers

A larger computer that requires a separate monitor and keyboard. Desktop computers, sometimes called workstations, are powerful, do not rely on battery life, and can be easily upgraded, but they are more expensive and lack portability.

diagnostic software

A type of program used to monitor and analyze system and machine performance. Diagnostic software alerts users to errors and warnings, as well as gathers usage data.

digital forms

An electronic document used to collect and store information. Digital forms capture production and quality data.

dongle

A small, portable adapter that plugs into a device, usually through the Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, to add or enhance wireless capabilities. A dongle connects a wireless mouse to a computer.

double-click

The rapid press and release of the left mouse button performed twice. A double-click opens files and applications.

download

To save a file from a network or internet source onto a device. Downloading files makes them locally available.

downtime

A period of time during which production stops, often due to mechanical failure or maintenance needs. Downtime reduces the efficiency of a manufacturing operation and should always be limited as much as possible.

drag-and-drop

The act of grabbing a digital item and moving it. To drag-and-drop, left-click on an object and move it while holding the button down.

drives

A storage location on a computer or network where files and folders are stored. Drives such as the C: drive and network drives may store manufacturing data and software.

Dropbox

A cloud-based storage system operated by Dropbox, Inc. Dropbox allows users to store, back up, and access files from any device with internet connectivity.

dropdown menus

A list of predefined options that a user can choose from. Dropdown menus help reduce errors by limiting the available choices.

edit

To change or modify the contents of a file. Before you edit a file, save a new version to maintain version history.

employee number

A unique series of numbers, sometimes in addition to letters, assigned to an individual upon hire. An employee number is linked to internal activity, such as time tracking, payroll, human resources (HR) records, and security.

error messages

A notification that appears when a program or system encounters a problem that prevents the completion of a task. Error messages are signs of problems such as software bugs, hardware faults, or incorrect information inputs.

events

A recorded action or occurrence within a system. Events include machine starts, stops, and alerts.

extension

A group of letters at the end of a file name that indicates the file type. Extension names like .txt and .docx indicate text files, while .exe indicates a program file.

faults

A problematic condition that interferes with a component or system’s ability to function as intended. Faults may lead to failure and safety risks.

file

A named collection of digital data stored in a single location on a storage device. Common file types include documents, pictures, videos, and programs.

file list

A display in Windows File Explorer of folders and files in a selected location. The file list includes information such as the file name, modification date, file type, and file size.

file management

The practice of organizing, storing, and maintaining digital files. File management improves efficiency and reduces confusion when properly practiced.

file path

The unique location of a file within a computer system. The file path functions as a navigational outline that shows the specific folders that must be accessed in order to reach a certain file.

file transfer

The process of moving or copying files between locations or devices. File transfer is used to send information from a computer to manufacturing equipment.

file tree

The hierarchical structure of how folders and files are organized. A file tree helps users follow a file path through different drives and folders.

Finder

A built-in tool on Macs used to view, organize, and manage files and folders. Finder can be used to locate machine programs and production documents.

F-keys

The standard function keys on a keyboard. F-keys activate common system controls, such as adjusting the brightness or volume.

folders

A digital container used to organize subfolders and files on a computer. Folders group related file types together.

function

Fn. A modifier key that activates the secondary functions of F-keys. Pressing the function key simultaneously with F-keys switches from standard commands to system control commands.

ghost file

The data that remains on a device after a file is deleted but not overwritten. A ghost file can be used to recover data for a period of time after deletion.

help menu

A built-in feature in software and operating systems that provides assistance, guides, tutorials, troubleshooting, and reference information. Individual applications have their own help menus.

HMIs

Human-machine interfaces. A peripheral device connected to a controller that allows an operator to send commands and receive information from connected machines. An HMI usually includes a display screen and one or more input devices.

home screen

The main display of a device or program. Home screen navigation provides access to elements of a program, such as controls or status indicators.

human-machine interface

HMI. A peripheral device that allows an operator to send commands and receive information from connected machines. A human-machine interface usually includes a display screen and one or more input devices.

icons

A small visual symbol that represents a file, folder, or application. Icons can be clicked on to access a location, such as the file or application.

image files

A file that stores visual information. Image files display photos, diagrams, and graphics.

Industrial Internet of Things

IIoT. A network of physical devices used in manufacturing containing embedded computing systems that allow them to send and receive data. The Industrial Internet of Things allows devices to exchange data and automate processes without any human intervention.

information technology

IT. The department within an organization that is responsible for developing and managing computer systems. Information technology works with hardware, software, networks, and other computerized devices.

inventory management

A systematic approach to sourcing, storing, and selling inventory. Inventory management keeps raw materials and products adequately stocked.

IT

Information technology. The department within an organization that is responsible for developing and managing computer systems. IT works with hardware, software, networks, and other computerized devices.

keyboard

An input device with a set of keys representing letters, numbers, and commands. The keyboard of a desktop computer is separate from the screen and tower but is built into a laptop.

laptops

A small, portable personal computer with an attached keyboard and monitor. Laptops, sometimes called mobile workstations, are portable and can operate much of the same software as a desktop computer, but they are not as easy to upgrade or repair, and they provide less power.

left-click

A single press and release of the left mouse button. A left-click, also called a single-click, selects an item on the screen.

links

A clickable item that opens files, programs, or webpages. Links should only be opened if they come from a trusted source to avoid cybersecurity risks.

lock

The temporary restriction of access to a computer and its running applications. A locked computer requires users to log in again to regain access.

log in

The act of entering in credentials to gain access. To log in to a computer, you typically need a username and password.

log out

The act of ending a session on a computing device. Logging out of a computer prevents unauthorized users from accessing the account.

logs

A record of system or machine activities. Logs store data that can help to troubleshoot problems and verify activity.

lot number

An identifier assigned to a batch of materials or products. Lot numbers are used to trace where products move to and from, as well as to aid in quality control.

Mac

Macintosh. A computer that runs MacOS. Mac computers are manufactured by Apple.

Macintosh

Mac. A computer that runs MacOS. Macintosh computers are manufactured by Apple.

maintenance

Any activity that contributes to the care and upkeep of machines or equipment. Maintenance tasks include cleaning and lubricating machines, monitoring equipment for problems, and fixing a machine after it breaks down.

malware

A harmful type of software used to damage or disrupt a computer system. Malware risks increase when downloading files from unknown sources.

maximize

The act of enlarging a window to its maximum possible size. A maximized window typically fills the entire screen.

middle-click

A single press and release of the scroll wheel of a mouse. A middle-click enables autoscrolling.

minimize

The act of reducing a window to the taskbar. A minimized window is represented by a single icon that can be clicked on to restore it to its previous size.

mobile workstations

A small, portable personal computer with an attached keyboard and monitor. Mobile workstations, sometimes called laptops, are portable and can operate much of the same software as a desktop computer, but they are not as easy to upgrade or repair, and they provide less power.

mouse

A handheld device that controls cursor movement on a computer. A mouse is used to point, move, and select text, icons, files, and folders.

multi-factor authentication

MFA. An electronic authentication method that grants access to a website or application only after a user successfully presents two or more pieces of evidence, such as a password and a code sent via text message. Multi-factor authentication provides better security than using only a single password.

naming conventions

The standardized rules for naming files and folders. Naming conventions vary from workplace to workplace.

navigate

The action of moving through menus, folders, webpages, or sections of a file, document, or application. Windows File Explorer is useful for navigating files.

navigation pane

The left-side panel in File Explorer that shows drives and folder locations. Navigation pane shortcuts allow users to move quickly through a file tree.

OneDrive

A cloud-based storage system operated by Microsoft. OneDrive allows users to store, back up, and access files from any device with connectivity.

open

The action of loading a file for viewing or editing. When you open a file, the computing device retrieves stored data and presents it in a program window.

parameters

A set of measurable factors or characteristics that define the scope of an operation. Parameters must always match job requirements.

passphrase

A long string of unrelated words that acts as a password. A passphrase makes it easier for users to remember and increases security because of length.

password

A secret string of characters that verify an individual’s identity when logging into a system. A strong password contains a mixture of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters.

paste

A function that inserts the most recently stored item in the computer clipboard. To paste an item on a personal computer (PC), use the keyboard shortcut Control + V or the menu that appears when you right-click the mouse.

PC

Personal computer. A computer that primarily runs the Microsoft Windows operating system. PCs are manufactured by various companies, such as Dell, HP, and Lenovo, and are highly customizable.

personal computer

PC. A computer that primarily runs the Microsoft Windows operating system. Personal computers are manufactured by various companies, such as Dell, HP, and Lenovo, and are highly customizable.

phishing

A deceptive message designed to trick its recipient into revealing personal information, such as passwords or credit card information. Phishing emails may gather information even when users do not realize they are sharing it, such as by clicking unverified links.

pinned applications

An application that is locked to the taskbar for quick, easy access. Pinned applications are generally frequently used.

pop-ups

A window that appears on a computer screen to display messages and prompts. Pop-ups from unknown sources can be cybersecurity risks.

power on

The process of supplying electricity to a device to initiate its startup from an off state. Powering on a device signals it to initialize the hardware and load the operating system.

pressure

A force or stress which can transmit power or cause changes to material properties. Pressure is typically expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).

production count

The numerical record of how many parts were produced in a given period of time. Production counts are entered into digital systems to maintain clear records.

program files

A file that stores information related to how a computer should run or install software or applications. Program files, including those that end in .exe., contain instructions related to software installation and performance.

quality

Conformance to a set of standards or specifications that results in customer satisfaction in a product or service. Quality products are free of defects and meet the requirements of their anticipated use.

radio buttons

A graphic element, usually a small circle that fills in with a dot when clicked, that users can select to make a choice. Radio buttons allow users to select only one option at a time.

radio frequency identification

RFID. A technology that uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. RFID tags consist of a tiny radio transponder, radio receiver, and radio transmitter.

real time

The near-instantaneous interval of time that computers require to process data. Real time is virtually the same as actual time because computers process data nearly immediately.

Recycle Bin

A temporary storage location for deleted files. Files in the Recycle Bin can be restored if they are accidentally deleted.

rename

The action of changing the name of a file or folder. Files should be renamed following the naming conventions of an organization.

reset

The process of returning equipment to a safe, operational state after a stop, fault, or run. Equipment may need to be reset after an emergency stop (e-stop) or power failure.

resize

The act of manually changing a window’s height and width to a custom size. Windows can be resized by clicking and dragging the edges of a window.

restart

The process of turning a computer off and back on again. Restarting a computer closes all running programs, clears the temporary memory and cache, and refreshes the operating system, which can help fix or improve performance issues.

restore

The process of returning data or systems to a previous state. Restoring data generally copies data from a backup device or location back onto the main system or device.

restore

To recover a file after deletion. Restored files are returned to their original location from the Recycle Bin.

rework

Taking action on a nonconforming product or service to make it conform to requirements. Rework is necessary when a part has defects, or if someone incorrectly saves or deletes computer files.

right-click

A single press and release of the right mouse button. A right-click opens a menu with additional options.

runtime

The length of time a program or process takes to execute. Runtime is monitored to draw conclusions about productivity and equipment wear.

save

The action of permanently storing a file onto a device. When you save a file, its most recent version becomes retrievable the next time it is opened.

save as

A command that creates a new copy of a file with a different name and location. The save as function allows users to keep the original version of a file unchanged while making edits to a new version.

scroll

The act of moving the visible area of a window to see content that is not currently displayed. To scroll, click and drag the scroll bar, use a scroll wheel, or use the arrows at the top and bottom of a scroll bar.

scroll wheel

A physical wheel on a mouse that rotates to move content in a window up and down. The wheel of a mouse can be middle-clicked.

search bar

A computer feature that allows users to find items such as applications, files, and settings. The search bar is located in the taskbar.

security

The protection against threats like unauthorized users that can disrupt the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer applications and information. Strong passwords help ensure account security.

sensors

A device that detects a change in a physical stimulus and turns it into a signal that can be measured or recorded. Sensors may be connected to a machine or system in order to collect operational data that is later analyzed.

shared network

A storage system accessible by multiple users. A shared network allows teams to access the same files and information across an entire department.

shortcut

A key or combination of keys that provide quick access to specific computer functions. Shortcuts provide alternative ways to perform an action typically done with a mouse.

shut down

The process of an operating system closing down programs, saving data, and turning off hardware. Shutting down a computer safely prevents files from becoming corrupt.

signals

A message that is sent electronically from one device to another. Signals alert operators of equipment status.

single-click

A single press and release of the left mouse button. A left-click, also called a single-click, selects an item on the screen.

sleep mode

A low-power state where the display dims or turns off. The time it takes to enter sleep mode can be adjusted.

smart manufacturing

The information-driven, event-driven, efficient and collaborative orchestration of business, physical, and digital processes within plants, within factories, and across the entire value chain. Smart manufacturing increases connectivity between all areas of product development.

spam

An unwanted message, often sent in bulk, that typically contains advertisements or irrelevant information. Spam emails are sometimes filtered into a separate folder to keep them out of a user’s inbox.

special characters

Any of the punctuation marks, currency signs, mathematical operators, and symbols other than letters and numbers on a keyboard. Special characters should be incorporated into passwords to strengthen them.

speed

The rate at which an object travels. Speed can describe linear or rotational motion.

standby

A state where a machine is powered on but not actively running. Standby keeps a machine ready but waiting for operation.

Start menu

The central hub for accessing applications, files, settings, and system functions in a computer. The start menu is often located in the taskbar.

status

The current condition or operating state of a machine. Status indicators show when equipment is running, in standby, or stopped.

subfolders

A folder stored within another folder. Subfolders are used to further organize a project.

system tray

The part of the taskbar that displays icons related to background applications. The system tray provides access to computer elements such as date, time, volume, Internet connection, and battery life.

tablets

A small, portable, touchscreen computer with no external keyboard. Tablets are lightweight and portable, but they are not easy to upgrade or repair, and they may not be able to operate the same software as desktop computers and laptops.

taskbar

The long bar at the bottom of a computer screen. The taskbar allows users to launch and switch between programs, log out, and power down a device.

text fields

An area where users type information into a form. Text fields may be used for note taking or to enter specific types of information, such as an employee number.

text files

A file that stores plain written information. Text files are often used to save notes, instructions, or logs.

time stamps

The recorded date and time an event occurs. Time stamps are typically tied to an employee’s number for traceability.

timeout

The act of the screen turning off due to inactivity. Timeout saves power but keeps the computer running.

touchpad

A flat, sensitive surface that translates finger movement into cursor movement. Laptops typically contain touchpads.

touchscreens

A display that responds to contact from a finger or stylus. Touchscreens are commonly found on tablets and smartphones.

tower

A device that converts signals from one format to another in order to transmit data. Towers connect computing devices by converting computer data into signals that can travel via telephone lines, wireless networks, and other types of connections.

traceability

The ability to verify the history, application, or location of an item using data. Traceability allows manufacturers to identify when and where a specific batch of items was produced.

troubleshooting

A systematic approach to solving problems quickly and efficiently. Troubleshooting often involves a logical process of elimination to identify the source of a problem.

Universal Serial Bus port

USB port. A connection port on computers that is compatible with many different types of devices, such as flash memory cards and printers. A mouse connects to the computer using the Universal Serial Bus.

upload

To transfer data from one computing device to another. Uploading files makes them remotely available.

usage data

Any of the information about how often and how long equipment is used. Usage data can help predict maintenance needs and evaluate equipment efficiency.

USB

Universal Serial Bus. A connection port on computers that is compatible with many different types of devices, such as flash memory cards and printers. A mouse connects to the computer using the USB.

user icon

A small graphic that represents a person or account in a digital interface. Users can sign out of their accounts by clicking on the user icon.

username

A unique identifier that distinguishes people from one another in a system. An employee’s username may include elements of their name or employee number.

version control

The process of managing and tracking changes to a file over time. Version control ensures that the most recent, correct version of a file is accessed.

version history

A record of changes made to a file over time. Version history allows users to identify changes, restore earlier versions of a file, and prevent information from being lost.

warnings

An alert that indicates a potential problem that needs attention. Warnings allow someone to address an issue before it becomes a problem.

windows

An interactive rectangular area on a screen that displays the contents of an application, program, file, or folder. Windows can be opened, moved, resized, minimized, maximized, and closed.

Windows

Win. A key on personal computers (PCs) that primarily opens the Start menu for applications and settings. The Windows key can be used in combinations with other keys to perform certain actions, such as locking a computer.

Windows File Explorer

The built-in file management software in devices that operate on Microsoft Windows. Windows File Explorer graphically presents files, folders, and drives to aid in browsing, viewing, and organizing files.

wire

A thin, flexible, elongated piece of metal that is often coated in plastic or another material. Wires connects some mice to the computer.

workstations

A larger computer that requires a separate monitor and keyboard. Workstations, sometimes called desktop computers, are powerful, do not rely on battery life, and can be easily upgraded, but they are more expensive and lack portability.